Leukemia In Children

MACROBUTTON NoMacro [Insert Names of Author (s )]MACROBUTTON NoMacro [Insert Course Identification in stampation here]MACROBUTTON NoMacro [Insert Professors abduce here]MACROBUTTON NoMacro [Insert Submission date here]BackgroundThe indisposition civilize that is termed as Leukemia was counterbalance discoe cherry by a German pathologist named Rudolf Virchow in 1887 . The term leukemia was coined by Virchow from the Greek words : leukos meaning dust coat and h inclinationa which is a term for stemma ADDIN EN .CITE 2007161 61653LeukemiaThe capital of South Carolina Encyclopediasixth2007Columbia University Presshypertext transfer protocol / vane .encyclopedia .com /do c /1E1-leukemia .hypertext markup language LeukemiaLeukemia is a body-build of bunscer that makes up twenty- 5 portion of the cancers affecting babyren . In Canada , this indisposition hold is a primary fatal complaint of peasantren ADDIN EN .CITE Statistics2Canada StatisticsStudy childhood leukemia and socioeconomic status2007December 12005British Columbia pubic louse roomhypertext transfer protocol / entanglement .statcan .ca /Daily /E nglish /050705 /d050705b .htm (Statistics . This is a cancer of the pipeline that usu completelyy chances as chills and fever Lymphoblastic Leukemia which is 80 percent suppu say of the cases of Leukemia in children ADDIN EN .CITE NCLF 2NCLF National Children apos s Leukemia tooshie What is childhood Leukemia ?2007December 12006National Children apos s Leukemia Foundation (NCLF )hypertext transfer protocol /network .leukemiafoundation .org /cancer-and-leukemia-info /3 .htm (NCLF . In United States of America , clear-sighted Lymphoblastic Leukemia ( e really ) is the around habitual and is 70 percent of leukemia cases in children . Other contrives of leukemia that affects the children in U .S . be : perspicacious myeloid Leukemia (AML ) approximately 20 percent of the cases , Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML ) that is roughly 5 percent , and novel Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML ) that is estimated to be be inclines 5 percent of the situation of Leukemia in children ADDIN EN .CITE Clinic2Mayo Clinic perspicacious Leukemia2007December 12001Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Researchhttp /network .mayoclinic .org /a cute-leukemia /children .html (ClinicLeukemia is a disease assure wherein in that respect is an freakishness in the merchandise of snag cells . The occurrence of this disease oftentimes involves the unclouded blood cells production in the devise snapper unless it can withal involve una corresponding eccentric persons of cells in the blood . Leukemia is a cancerous disease learn of the cancerous form thence the disease progresses into the an some opposite(prenominal) variety meat of the corpse much(prenominal) as the lymph nodes , coloured , central nervous governing body , and spleen aft(prenominal)ward affecting the tog out affectionateness ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric hematology and telephone line spite Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s hospital of The pansy apos s Daughtershttp / web .chkd .org / considerablyness course of study library / field of exact .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdThis disease is non only occurs in humans moreover to other animal species as well such as cats , oxen , and guinea pigs . In humans , leukemia is general in older people provided at present there is an join on occurrence in children . Factors that cause the occurrence of leukemia argon : chromosomal ab familiarities standardised Down syndrome , chemicals such as benzene , che mystifyapeutic drugs such as alkylating agents , ionizing ray syndrome , and viral infection ascribable to retrovirus like HTLV-I Alterations or mutations in the normal tax write-off and growing of blood cells be brought about by these factors ADDIN EN .CITE 2007161 61653LeukemiaThe Columbia Encyclopedia6th2007Columbia University Presshttp / vane .encyclopedia .com /do c /1E1-leukemia .html LeukemiaDiagnosis of the type of leukemia is based on the kind of blood cells that is affected . The common types of leukemia atomic number 18 : lymphocytic affecting the formation of lymphocytes and myelogenous , interpolateations in the myelocyte synthesis ADDIN EN .CITE Rogers3 Rogers , Miriam br.LeukemiaDiseases and Conditions Encyclopedia2007Discovery Communicationshttp / wellness .discove ry .com /encyclopedias /illnesses .html ?article 2538 (Rogers . Leukemia of the myeloid type affects the stem cells of granulocytes or phagocytic white blood cells The Lymphocytic Leukemia involves white blood cells that be stem cells of lymphocytes ADDIN EN .CITE 2007161 61653LeukemiaThe Columbia Encyclopedia6th2007Columbia University Presshttp / web .encyclopedia .com /do c /1E1-leukemia .html Leukemia . The common types and forms of leukemia ar the adjacent : Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia ( every , Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML , HYPERLINK http /health .discovery .com /encyclopedias /illnesses .html ?article 2516 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL , and C HYPERLINK http /health .discovery .com /encyclopedias /illnesses .html ?article 2517 hronic myelogenous leukemia (CML . The diagnosis of this disease look into according to the type of cells affected is accompanied with the identification of the form of the condition each knowing or chronic The cash advance of the disease is slower in chronic form precisely in a longer time , while , in the acute form the progression is in a pitiful span of time ADDIN EN .CITE Rogers3 Rogers , Miriam br.LeukemiaDiseases and Conditions Encyclopedia2007Discovery Communicationshttp /health .discove ry .com /encyclopedias /illnesses .html ?article 2538 (RogersThe Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (Lymphoblastic Leukemia or Lymphoid ) is the most(prenominal) common form of leukemia in children . The cell line of the lymphocytes is the ones involved in this condition . In this disease there is the over production of lymphocytes in the trick out fondness that do not mature thence . The time of this illness is from a few days to a couple of weeks . In most of the patient ofs with ALL there is the instauration of abnormalities in the chromosome wherein extra chromosomal numbers and alterations in the morphology of the chromosome material is present ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and riptide affront Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s infirmary of The King apos s Daughtershttp / vane .chkd .org / health subroutine library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdThe Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML ) which is in like manner termed as granulocytic , myeloblastic , myeloid , or myelocytic is 19 percent of the diagnosed children leukemia . in that respect is hyper-proliferation of the white blood cells in the overdress shopping centre which do not attain the prerequisite maturity status in to stir up infectious agents . The duration of AML is also from a few days to a couple of weeks . Children afflicted with contractable diss like Bloom syndrome , Kostman syndrome , Fanconi Anemia and Down syndrome atomic number 18 of increase peril of having the disease ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and kindred Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp / vane .chkd .org / health program library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdChronic Myeloblastic Leukemia (CML ) is a r ar form in children . The get up marrow is producing too many abnormal granulocytes that alter the gainice staff of the normal granulocytes . This form of disease progresses within months to geezerhood . There is a substitution of the genetic material of the chromosome number 9 and 22 . A component of the chromosome number 9 is chipped off and adheres into chromosome number 22 . The swapping of the components of the two chromosomes results into the abnormal increased production of granulocytes ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and tear Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp / vane .chkd .org / health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdNatural HistorySymptoms of leukemia atomic number 18 linked with the blood function because the initial pathogenesis of the disease in on the devise marrow . The following be the common manifestations of leukemia : anemia , bleeding or bruising bone and joint pains , recurrent infections , swollen lymph nodes abdominal harm , and breathing difficulty . The anemia occurs over out-of-pocket to the incapacity of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells in draw with the overcrowding of the bone marrow with the proliferating cancerous cells . Manifestations of this symptom accommodate the play out of the child , faster breathing , and paleness . Recurrent infections that can be viral or bacterial and occurs over the noncurrent weeks are brought about by the disrupted capacity of the repellent remains to mount an insubordinate response cod to the straw man of immature white blood cells . Bleeding and bruising are due to the decreased number of platelets that are produced in the bone marrow as a result of the crowding in the area with cancerous cells . The multitudes of cells present in the bone marrow results to pain in joint and bone . Abdominal put out is an outcome of the pooling of leukemia cells in the liver spleen , and kidney which causes the swell of these organs . A child with leukemia may express pain of the paunch by the loss of appetite and consequently decrease in body weight . Pooling of the leukemia cells also occurs in lymph nodes in the seawall , neck , chest , and under the arms hence swelling of these areas arise . In T-cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (T-cell ALL , the thymus is adhered by the leukemic cells resulting to pain in this area and difficulty in breathing ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /www .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdThe symptoms of ALL or AML are manifested within days or weeks but in cases of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML ) the clinical signs progresses over months to long time . The symptoms of Leukemia are similar with blood diss and other aesculapian problems hence appropriate diagnostic modalities essential be assiduous so as to reach the right diagnosis . Different individuals sport varied manifestations of leukemia so diagnosis must be done with caution ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /www .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (Byrdscaffolding in Leukemia cases is not necessary because the disease progresses from the bone marrow and usually has metastasized to the other organs upon diagnosis . Cytologic classification systems are used in replacement of staging in this type of cancer . These system diagnoses the type and subtype of leukemia as well as aide in making prognosis or the outcome of the disease with or without therapy ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 Healthcommunities .com Inchttp /www .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias / intercession .shtml (oncologychannelThe French-American-British (FAB ) system is the wide used manner for leukemia . In this classification there are : triad subtypes of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL ) and eight subtypes of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML . The preceding(prenominal) basis of FAB was the microscopic appearance of leukemia cells only but at this present time the cellular characteristics like the genetic composition and numbers of specific cell types are corpo aim for better prediction of the outcome of the disease ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 Healthcommunities .com Inchttp /www .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias / preaching .shtml (oncologychannelIn Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia there are two systems of Cytologic staging that can be employed . These are the Rai Classification and Binet Staging . The Rai classification comport three categories of leukemia with corresponding horizontal surfaces : Low phratry with dress 0 arbit target category with floor I and II and , High- attempt category with stage III and IV Patients that belongs to the stage 0 (Low fortune Category ) throw off lymphocytosis which is increased quantities of lymphocytes that is above 15 ,000 lymphocytes per third-dimensional millimeter . Enlargement of the lymph nodes in addition to lymphocytosis is the characteristic of Rai stage 1 (Intermediate Risk category . forth from the lymphocytosis and enlarged liver (hepatomegaly ) or spleen (splenomegaly , in Rai stage 2 (Intermediate Risk category ) lympadenopathy may or may not be observed In Rai stage 3 (High-Risk , anemia accompanies the lymphocytosis either in the presence or absence of lymphadenopathy , splenomegaly , and hepatomegaly . The patients that are also classified as High-Risk category but with stage 4 Leukemia have thrombocytopenia or decreased in number of platelets in the blood that is lower than 100-103 per dl in addition to lymphocytosis ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 Healthcommunities .com Inchttp /www .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias / sermon .shtml (oncologychannelIn contrast to the classification of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL by Rai classification according to the lymphocyte quantity and organ enlargement , the Binet Staging grade CLL based on the number of involved lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes and spleen and , existence of decreased quantity of red blood cell (anemia ) and decreased number of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia . The three Binet stages are : stage A wherein there are lower than three lymphoid tissue section that are engorged Stage 2 involves great than three areas of lymphoid tissue enlargement and Stage 3 , wherein the patients in this stage have thrombocytopenia in addition to anemia ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 Healthcommunities .com Inchttp /www .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias / sermon .shtml (oncologychannelDiagnosis of leukemia is done with motley modalities and these include the following : complete blood cell count (CBC ) which consists of bloodless blood Cell (WBC ) count , Differential White blood Cell count , and Packed Cell Volume jam marrow aspiration or biopsy , wherein a sample of the bone marrow fluid is aspirated from the hip bones to assess the bone marrow cell size , quantity , ratio of normal to abnormal cells , and maturity of the cells blood chemistry examinations such as Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT ) for the liver and Creatine shew for the kidney Computed imagination or CT scan , an imaging way that utilizes calculating machine and x-ray to generate a three dimensional contrive x-ray , an imaging modality that uses electromagnetic energy rays to ensure the internal organs and , lymph node biopsy , examines the cells of the lymph node ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /www .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdAgent-Host EnvironmentThe primary a a etiologicalalal agent of the outgrowth of Leukemia is not known though it is establish that this disease condition occurs due to the damage of DNA of blood cells ADDIN EN .CITE Department of Environmental Health2003121 21243Department of Environmental Health , capital of Massachusetts Univeristy School of overt HealthEnvironmental Causes of Blood-related cancers in ChildrenHealth personal effects ReviewHealth personal effects Review2003Department of Environmental Health , Boston Univeristy School of Public Healthhttp /www .ijc .org /rel /pdf /06 _blood-summer2003 .pdf (Department of Environmental Health . Various factors are associated with the instruction of leukemia in children . Among these causes are toxins , viral infections , radioactivity , benzene , and chemotherapeutic agents . Pesticides and electromagnetic fields are also a predisposing factor to the occurrence of Leukemia . Ionizing shaft exposure that can be because of x-ray examinations of the mother during maternity predisposes a child to the teaching of LeukemiaThe children patients afflicted with leukemia have no specific characteristics that can serve as a cause of the disease . Exposure to various factors is the only account statement that can be related to the occurrence of leukemia in children . Examples of such factors are x-rays which involves ionizing radiation in the procedure that causes genetic mutations star to the phylogeny of leukemia ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of childhood Leukemia with a contract on Birth fish and DietCritical Reviews in clinical science laboratory SciencesCritical Reviews in clinical laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerMode of AcquisitionThe development of leukemia in an individual is not a result of a specific etiologic agent but rather due to the exposure of the individual to factors that catalyze the mutation of the bone marrow cells resulting to the synthesis and proliferation of leukemia cells Leukemia also is associated to the following factors : air pollution socioeconomic status , electromagnetic fields , infections , genetics , and living underweight nuclear major male monarch plants ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of childishness Leukemia with a Focus on Birth weighting and DietCritical Reviews in clinical testifying ground SciencesCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerThe relative incidence of cancer such as leukemia in well developed countries is explained to be attributed to exposure to various environmental factors including the following : water and food contaminants air pollution chemicals like pesticides , mercury , and lead and physical causes such as ultraviolet radiation . The cells of children are very vulnerable to mutations caused by environmental factors because there is fluid an ongoing development in their bodies ADDIN EN .CITE Kheifets 7Kheifets , Leeka Repacholi , Michael Saunders , heap and van Deventer EmilieThe esthesia of Children to Electromagnetic FieldsPediatricsPediatricse303-e313 1162005http /pediatrics .aap outcomes .org /cgi /reprint /116 /2 /e30 3 (KheifetsChildren with genetic diss such as trisonomy 21 or down syndrome are very susceptible to leukemia due to the congenital defects that is present in their genes . The genes which encode for the hematopoietic system factor GATA1 have mutations that result to the development of leukemia . There is 10 to 20 fold raise in incidence of acute leukemia cases in children that are affected with Down syndrome . There are two forms of leukemia found to occur in children with Trisonomy 21 : the brief Leukemia and the Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia ADDIN EN .CITE Hitzler7Hitzler , Johann K and Zipursky AlvinORIGINS OF LEUKAEMIA IN CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROMENature ReviewsNature Reviews52005 (HitzlerDescriptive StudiesThe most common type of leukemia that affects children is the Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL ) which is 73 percent of the diagnosed cases of leukemia in United States . Children of ages 2-3 stratums old are the ones most commonly afflicted with ALL . The second widespread type of leukemia is Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML . This disease condition occurs in children 10 categorys old and above and those whom are 2 years of age . This form of leukemia though only the second widespread form in children is the most frequent form in adults . Leukemia in children is rarely of chronic form ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /www .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (Byrd . The occurrence of leukemia is greatest in ages 0-4 , intermediate in 5-9 , and unapparent in 10-14 .There is a obtrusive difference in the incidence of ALL and AML in dissimilar ages . The peak ages for the occurrence of ALL are among 2 to 5 years old with 75 cases per cardinal children . AML on the other hand peaks during infancy and occurs in a uniform way of life in older children ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of childhood Leukemia with a Focus on Birth Weight and DietCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory SciencesCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerIn U .S . and Canada , leukemia is the widespread type of cancer that afflicts children which are 0-14 years of age . The occurrence of ALL is five-fold greater than the incidence of AML though these two are the common forms of leukemia that badly affects children . Despite the intense study and mendments in the modalities used for treatment of acute leukemia , it still lingers as the primary causative disease in morbidities and mortalities among children ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of Childhood Leukemia with a Focus on Birth Weight and DietCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory SciencesCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerAmong different countries , the incidence of leukemia in children is varied . On a yearly basis the incidence of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL ) in children is within 19 to 56 for every million of phallics and 12 to 43 for every million of females . The highest incidence among countries for ALL is in Costa Rica , Canada , and Finland . India and China has the terminal incidence of ALL in children . Canada averages 41 .0 for both(prenominal) male and female 44 .8 for males and 36 .9 for females in the incidence of ALL in children . The annual standard rate for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML ) in children is highest in New Zealand , Costa Rica , and Australia . Canada has an intermediate rate of 6 .3 for both male and female 6 .9 for males and 5 .6 for females . In the period 1997-2002 , the rate of occurrence of ALL is 32 .3 cases per million and AML is 6 .8 cases per million among 0-19 years old children in Canada ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of Childhood Leukemia with a Focus on Birth Weight and DietCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory SciencesCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerMales are middling diagnosed more with ALL and AML in different ages though the females have greater incidence of having ALL and AML in their first year of existence . White people are more afflicted with ALL when compared to the blacks . The ratio of the incidence is 2 :0 among the whites and the blacks . In contrast AML occurrence is equal in both races ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of Childhood Leukemia with a Focus on Birth Weight and DietCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory SciencesCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (TowerEpidemiology journal publish that in Canada the incidence of Leukemia occurrence is so much greater in children belonging to the richest families than that of the poorest population ADDIN EN .CITE Statistics2Canada StatisticsStudy Childhood leukemia and socioeconomic status2007December 12005British Columbia Cancer Agencyhttp /www .statcan .ca /Daily /E nglish /050705 /d050705b .htm (Statistics . The companionship of increased occurrence of leukemia to the socioeconomic status can be noticed in the study of Tower et al (2007 ) wherein the economically developed Denmark has the highest incidence while the economically challenged nation- Nigeria has the lowest rate of ALL ADDIN EN .CITE Tower7 Tower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G .The Epidemiology of Childhood Leukemia with a Focus on Birth Weight and DietCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory SciencesCritical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences203-24244 32007 (Tower . The story given was that the poor children are more loose to etiologic factors such as infectious agents hence the development of antibodies against these agents at an earlier age compared to the rich children ADDIN EN .CITE Statistics2Canada StatisticsStudy Childhood leukemia and socioeconomic status2007December 12005British Columbia Cancer Agencyhttp /www .statcan .ca /Daily /E nglish /050705 /d050705b .htm (Statistics . The constant exposure of the poor children to etiologic factors that cause leukemia enhance their immune system s ability to combat the adverse effects of these agents done the production of antibodies that have specific immune response to an etiologic agentChildren living near a fuel station are found out to be of greater chance in developing Acute Leukemia . There is a four-fold increase in the risk of the development of the acute form of leukemia in children who anticipate near vehicle-repair garage and fuel stations ADDIN EN .CITE Sahelian66612Sahelian , spear A Natural Approach to Leukemiahttp www .raysahelian .com /leukemia .html (Sahelian . Nuclear power plants also pose as a risk to getting leukemia in children . Those children which are nine years old and beneath who reside near nuclear power plants have 21 percent increase in the risk of mortality due to leukemia . The study which was conducted in Canada , United Kingdom , USA , Germany , France , Spain , and japan was published in the European Journal of Cancer vexation . The study was able to overcome the natural variables because the said study was conducted before and by and by the establishment of the nuclear power plants . Aside from children 9 years of age and below , the five-year-old adults that are 25 years old and younger are also found out to be with 18 percent increase in risk if they live near nuclear power plants ADDIN EN .CITE 2007272 72717POWER PLANT RISK EcologistEcologist3782007 Power Plant RiskAnalytic StudiesIn a study of Noshchenko et al (2002 ) it was indicated that there were significant amplification in the cases of acute leukemia in children in relation to the exposure to ionizing radiation . The exposure due to residence near nuclear test sites also causes sizeable raise in the leukemia cases of children . There is also a significant increase in the number of leukemia disease cases when the mother was exposed to atomic bombing during the course of her pregnancy . The survivors of atomic bombing which were pregnant are associated to leukemia cases in the data of the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers and related X-ray exposures ADDIN EN .CITE Russ200728 282817Russ AbelIonizing ray and Childhood LeukemiaEnvironmental Health PerspectivesEnvironme ntal Health Perspectives (RussChildren whom were born with fathers that are radiation workers are found out to likely develop leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma . In the cohort study of Dickinson and Parker (2002 , it was learned that there is a considerable 200 percent increase of Leukemia and non-Hodgkin Lymphoma risk in radiation workers children . These studies serve as evidences that indeed father whom are exposed to rather allow increase the likelihood of having a child that is afflicted with leukemia Exposure to ionizing radiation during preconception , pregnancy , and support pregnancy of the mother serve as risk factors for the development of leukemia in children ADDIN EN .CITE Russ200728 282817Russ AbelIonizing shaft and Childhood LeukemiaEnvironmental Health PerspectivesEnvironme ntal Health Perspectives (RussTreatmentVarious factors are considered before the planning of treatment program to be used in leukemia cases . These factors are : age , health , and medical history of the child the capacity of the child patient to sojourn medication , medical procedures , and therapies the degree of the disease condition and the trust of the parents or guardians of the child . Symptomatic treatments are employed for conditions like bleeding , anemia , and infection ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /www .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdThe treatment regimen for Leukemia at present involves the following approaches : chemotherapy which aims to kill the proliferating leukemia cells with anti-cancer drugs radiation therapy that reverses the leukemia cells by dint of high-potential radiation exposure interferon therapy which aims to increase the time for the proliferation of leukemia cells and at the resembling time enhance the capacity of the immune system to destroy the leukemia cells surgery that includes either the installation of catheters to serve as qualifying way for medications or resection of enlarged spleen and stem cell transplantation (SCT ) so that high doses chemotherapy and radiation therapy can be employed as a treatment regimen ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 Healthcommunities .com Inchttp /www .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias /treatment .

shtml (oncologychannelThe aforementioned treatment modality can be used either alone or in various combinations . These modalities of therapy though have disadvantages that accompany the advantages they declare oneself . Prior to undergoing therapy programs a second opinion is take aimed so as to lessen the chances of wasting resources on a therapy program that bequeath have no effect at all for the betterment of the patient s condition ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 Healthcommunities .com Inchttp /www .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias /treatment .shtml (oncologychannelInterferon therapy is a treatment modality in utilised in leukemia patients to aide the patient s body in cut down the proliferation of leukemia cells and at the same time enhances the immune system of the leukemic patient to mount the proper immune response . The most astray employed type of interferon for this purpose is the Interferon-alpha (INFa . The expected length of survival of the patient can be predicted by the physician through using this treatment modality . Interferon-alpha is administered through intravenous , intramuscular , and subcutaneous injection . The frequently used route though is the subcutaneous injection . Disadvantages of using this drug are development of the following : fever , muscle aches , headaches , bone pain , fatigue , flu-like symptoms and chills , difficulty in concentration , vomiting , and nausea The duration of the side effects range from 1 to 2 weeks but can be managed by acetaminophen administration ADDIN EN .CITE oncologychannel1999 oncologychannelLeukemia Treatment2007December 21999 Healthcommunities .com Inchttp /www .oncologychannel .com /l eukemias /treatment .shtml (oncologychannelTreatment of leukemia involves various stages and these are : stimulus generalisation stage , intensification stage , nutrition stage , and relapse stage . The induction stage includes a mixture of various treatment modalities like chemotherapy , radiation , and medications so as to end the synthesis of abnormal cells in the bone marrow . The primary aim of this stage is for remission or the ending of the production of leukemia cells to occur The duration of this stage is one month and repeated by and by rest period if the goal is not attained . The succeeding(a) stage of treatment therapy is the intensification wherein the treatments are continued until the leukemia cells do not longer exist as per diagnostic blood test or bone marrow examination is concerned . The leukemia cells though may still exist in the body . The maintenance stage is when the leukemia-free bone marrow is preserved through a continuous chemotherapy of lower intensity but longer in duration (months to years . Constant visits to the health care supplier are necessary so that the patient s response to the treatment pull up stakes be assessed , recurrence of the disease provide be diagnosed , and side effects of the treatment employed can be controlled . The relapse stage is a period wherein the aggressive therapy is not able to stop the synthesis of leukemia cells in the bone marrow . The relapse stage can happen in the duration of the treatment in various stages or months to years after the end of the treatment ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /www .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (ByrdThe formulation of the prognosis of leukemia will need to consider the following : degree of the disease condition genetics treatment response age and general health of the child recent medication developments and , the child patient s capacity to domiciliate medications medical procedures , and therapies ADDIN EN .CITE Byrd200726 262612 Byrd Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Pegram , Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss Leukemia2007December 22007Children apos s Hospital of The King apos s Daughtershttp /www .chkd .org /Health Library /content .aspx ?pageid P02324 (Byrd . Different forms of leukemia require dissimilar treatment programs . In Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL , multi-agent therapy is utilized . Despite the improvements in treatment modalities though it is found out that ALL cells reach the meninges of the chief Thus administration of prophylactic treatment for the CNS is coordinated in the treatment programs for this form of leukemia . The therapy for this disease condition is very rigorous and lasts for two to three years . Included in the treatment program are the : intrathecal chemotherapy and radiation therapy for the brain and spinal anesthesia column that is generally done to children under 1 year old ,teenagers , and those diagnosed with vast amounts of white blood cells . In Canada , it is estimated that 75 percent of the children diagnosed with this form of leukemia survive five years after the diagnosis and the bulk of them are said to be recovered(p) . Thirty percent of the patients though are estimated to have relapses thus they will undergo into another treatment program that is different from the previous one . Improvement in the survival rate of these patients is observed when bone marrow transplant is employed after succeeding remissions ADDIN EN .CITE Program4Canadian Childhood Cancer inspection and assert ProgramThis Battle Which I Must Fight Cancer in Canada apos s Children and Teenagers1997December 2Public Health Agency of Canadahttp /www .phac-aspc .gc .ca /pu blicat /tbwimf-mcplv /other1_e .html (ProgramIn cases of Acute Nonlymphoblastic Leukemia , the treatment program utilized is more thorough when compared to that of ALL . Chemotherapy CNS treatment , and bone marrow transplant are indicated for this disease condition . Remission occurs in 70 to 90 percent of the cases and 40 to 50 percent of these patients will be leukemia free for a long time . In Canada , there is a 40 percent survival rate for five years by these patients ADDIN EN .CITE Program4Canadian Childhood Cancer charge and engage ProgramThis Battle Which I Must Fight Cancer in Canada apos s Children and Teenagers1997December 2Public Health Agency of Canadahttp /www .phac-aspc .gc .ca /pu blicat /tbwimf-mcplv /other1_e .html (ProgramPreventionThe Federal Government of Canada launched the Canadian Childhood Cancer Surveillance and Control Program in an effort to decrease the risk of development of health problems among the country s children . As part of the programs advocacy awareness about Cancer including leukemia was promoted among children through the publication of the obligate entitled This Battle Which I Must Fight : Cancer in Canada s Children and Teenagers ADDIN EN .CITE Program4Canadian Childhood Cancer Surveillance and Control ProgramThis Battle Which I Must Fight Cancer in Canada apos s Children and Teenagers1997December 2Public Health Agency of Canadahttp /www .phac-aspc .gc .ca /pu blicat /tbwimf-mcplv /other1_e .html (Program . The publication of the book helps people understand the disease condition and support those children already with the disease cope up with the treatment processThe covering of pesticides is studied in Canada and was found out to be a causal factor in the development of various health problems such as cancers like leukemia . In an effort to sustain then progression of leukemia in the children of Canada the use various pesticides is already banned despite the lack of efforts of other countries to ban these substances that are known to be a factor in development of cancers ADDIN EN .CITE AHRP200431 313112AHRP Alliance for homo Research ProtectionComprehensive scientific freshen concluded : All pesticides pose serious health risks to humans--especially children2007December 22004Alliance for Human Research Protectionhttp /www .ahrp .org /infom ail /04 /05 /08 .php (AHRPResearches and conferences have been done in Canada in line with the advocacy against the incidence of cancers including Leukemia in children . An standard of these searches is Joint study between Israel s Weizmann Institute of Science , Toronto world(a) Hospital , and Toronto western Hospitals of University Health Network . With continuous research , improvement in the clinical care of Leukemia patients is established and will incessantly find ways of providing new treatment regimens that will promote survival rates . The partnership between this entities aims to improve the capability to put off and treat Leukemia ADDIN EN .CITE Foundation2Toronto ordinary westward Hospital FoundationFor Immediate Release : Israel and Canada Unite for Leukemia Research2007December 22006Toronto universal westward Hospital Foundationhttp /www .uhn .on .ca /dona te /tgwh /site /html /events /michaelbaker / news /2006_03_20 .html (FoundationFuture TrendEarly intervention in leukemia cases will result into increased survival rates because the cancer has not metastasized intensively into various organs of the patient s body . It is encourage to for individuals to regularly have medical check-ups so as to diagnose diseases such as leukemia in early stages or non-metastasizing stage . The parents have this office staff of ensuring that their children will have regular check ups for leukemia so that contiguous intervention can be employed and the remission will be assured . Early treatment of the disease condition will prevent the occurrence of damages to various other parts of the patient s bodyIn the future , much improved treatment modalities for Leukemia in children will be established . Intensive researches on the etiologic factors of Leukemia will result into the discovery of treatment modalities that will The formulation of a vaccine for leukemia is a start in the process of finding ways to eradicate this disease condition . The human CD40 ligand or human HYPERLINK http /www .newsrx .com /newsletters /Vaccine-Weekly /2005-11-30 83VW .html interleukin-2 HYPERLINK http /www .newsrx .com /newsletters /Vaccine-Weekly /2005-11-30 83VW .html autologous cell HYPERLINK http /www .newsrx .com /newsletters /Vaccine-Weekly /2005-11-30 83VW .html vaccine is a promising prophylactic treatment modality for the prevention of the occurrence of leukemia in not only in children and young adults but to the adult population as well . factor therapy which is also widely studied will have supportive results that will serve as a treatment modality in the future . The discovery of new drugs that will alter the gene of leukemia cells and spare the normal blood cells is the beginning of the geographic expedition in gene therapy for the treatment of leukemia ADDIN EN .CITE Foundation2Toronto General Western Hospital FoundationFor Immediate Release : Israel and Canada Unite for Leukemia Research2007December 22006Toronto General Western Hospital Foundationhttp /www .uhn .on .ca /dona te /tgwh /site /html /events /michaelbaker /news /2006_03_20 .html (FoundationThe Canadian Federal Government with the help of various non-governmental organizations is merge their efforts in the advocacy against leukemia . Researches which is focused in discovering ways of treating Leukemia which is widespread in Canada is an affirmative way of combating LeukemiaInnovations in the treatment modalities though will also be accompanied by side effects due to these treatments . The costs of therapeutic programs will also be increased in the future as a result of the emergence of new diagnostic and treatment modalitiesWorks CitedADDIN EN .REFLIST AHRP , Alliance for Human Research Protection Comprehensive scientific Review Concluded : All Pesticides Pose Serious Health Risks to Humans--Especially Children . 2004 . Alliance for Human Research Protection . December 2 2007 http /www .ahrp .org /infomail /04 /05 /08 .phpByrd , Rebecca Werner , Eric Bevan , Herbert Owen , William Peg ram Linda Lowe , Eric Hematology and Blood Diss : Leukemia . 2007 Children s Hospital of The King s Daughters . December 2 2007 http /www .chkd .org /HealthLibrary /content .aspx ?pageid P02324Clinic , Mayo Acute Leukemia . 2001 . Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research . December 1 2007 http /www .mayoclinic .org /acute-leukemia /children .htmlDepartment of Environmental Health , Boston Univeristy School of Public Health Environmental Causes of Blood-Related Cancers in Children Health Effects Review (2003 http /www .ijc .org /rel /pdf /06_blood-summer2003 .pdfFoundation , Toronto General Western Hospital For Immediate Release Israel and Canada Unite for Leukemia Research . 2006 . Toronto General Western Hospital Foundation . December 2 2007 http /www .uhn .on .ca /donate /tgwh /site /html /events /michaelbaker /news /2006 _03_20 .htmlHitzler , Johann K and Zipursky , Alvin Origins of Leukaemia in Children with Down Syndrome Nature Reviews 5 (2005Kheifets , Leeka Repacholi , Michael Saunders , Rick and van Deventer Emilie The Sensitivity of Children to Electromagnetic Fields Pediatrics 116 (2005 : e303-e13Leukemia The Columbia Encyclopedia . 6th ed : Columbia University Press , 2007NCLF , National Children s Leukemia Foundation What Is Childhood Leukemia 2006 . National Children s Leukemia Foundation (NCLF December 1 2007 http /www .leukemiafoundation .org /cancer-and-leukemia-info /3 .htmoncologychannel Leukemia Treatment . 1999 . Healthcommunities .com Inc . December 2 2007 http /www .oncologychannel .com /leukemias /treatment .shtmlPower Plant Risk . Ecologist 37 .8 (2007Program , Canadian Childhood Cancer Surveillance and Control . This Battle Which I Must Fight 1997 . Cancer in Canada s Children and Teenagers December 2 http /www .phac-aspc .gc .ca /publicat /tbwimf-mcplv /other1_e .htmlRogers , MiriamLeukemia Diseases and Conditions Encyclopedia Discovery Communications , 2007Russ , Abel Ionizing Radiation and Childhood Leukemia Environmental Health Perspectives 115 .8 (2007Sahelian , Ray A Natural Approach to Leukemia http /www .raysahelian .com /leukemia .htmlStatistics , Canada Study : Childhood Leukemia and Socioeconomic Status . 2005 . British Columbia Cancer Agency . December 1 2007 http /www .statcan .ca /Daily / face /050705 /d050705b .htmTower , Richard L and Spector , Logan G The Epidemiology of Childhood Leukemia with a Focus on Birth Weight and Diet Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 44 . 3 (2007 : 203-42 . MACROBUTTON NoMacro [First Authors Last name here] scallywag MERGEFORMAT 19MACROBUTTON NoMacro [First Authors Last name here] rogue MERGEFORMAT 17MACROBUTTON NoMacro [First Authors Last Name] Page PAGE 20MACROBUTTON NoMacro [Insert Running title of 72 characters] ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Orderessay

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